1. In the late 1970s, Steven Disbrow entered the world of microcomputers with his purchase of a TRS-80 Model I, complete with cassette storage and 4K of memory. To learn more about his computer and what it could do, he picked up a newsstand magazine called 80-Micro (published by Wayne Green, who had also started Byte and inCider magazines).
2. TRS-80 Model 4 Emulator for MS-DOS. Includes emulation of Model 3 mode, floppy drives, hard drive, sound, high resolution graphics, up to 128K of memory, real-time-clock, RS-232 communications, and more! Note: Older PC hardware with a compatible floppy.

SDLTRS - a TRS-80 Emulator for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux. All released files are found in the SourceForge.net download area. Home Features News Download.

QuarkXPress is a desktop publishing software for creating and editing complex page layouts in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment. It runs on macOS and Windows. It was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them.

The most recent version, QuarkXPress 2017 (internal version number 13.0), allows publishing in English (“International and U.S.”[1]) and 36 other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, German, Korean, Russian, French, and Spanish.[2]

QuarkXPress is used by individual designers, large publishing houses and corporates to produce a variety of layouts, from single-page flyers to the multi-media projects required for magazines, newspapers, catalogs, and the like. The more recent versions have added support for ebooks, Web and mobile apps. QuarkXPress once dominated the market for page layout software, with over 95% market share among professional users. As of 2010, one publisher estimated that US market share has fallen to below 25% and Adobe InDesign has become the market leader, although QuarkXPress still had significant market share.

History
The first version of QuarkXPress was released in 1987 for the Macintosh. Five years passed before a Microsoft Windows version (3.1) followed in 1992. In the 1990s, QuarkXPress became widely used by professional page designers, the typesetting industry, and printers. In particular, the Mac version of 3.3 (released in 1996) was seen as stable and trouble-free, working seamlessly with Adobe’s PostScript fonts as well as with Apple’s TrueType fonts.

In 1989, QuarkXPress incorporated an application programming interface called XTensions which allows third-party developers to create custom add-on features to the desktop application. Xtensions, along with Apple Computer’s HyperCard, was one of the first examples of a developer allowing others to create software add-ons for their application.

Although competitors like PageMaker existed, QuarkXPress was so dominant that it had an estimated 95% market share during the 1990s.[4] After QuarkXPress 3.3, QuarkXPress was seen as needing significant improvements and users criticized it for its overly long innovation cycles.

The release of QuarkXPress version 5 in 2002 led to disappointment from Apple’s user base, as QuarkXPress did not support Mac OS X, while Adobe InDesign 2.0 did, launched in the same week. At the same time, Quark CEO Fred Ebrahimi exclaimed that “the Macintosh platform is shrinking,” and suggested that anyone dissatisfied with Quark’s Mac commitment should “switch to something else.” InDesign CS cost $699, while QuarkXPress 6 cost $945. Adobe Creative Suite (2003) included InDesign, so customers buying the suite for Photoshop and Illustrator received InDesign for free.[5][4] Only with Version 6 did QuarkXPress support Mac OS X; however, the first really adopted version was QuarkXPress 7 (which was also a Universal Binary application).

Quark started to lower its pricing levels in 2004. In December 2006, Quark licensed the Windows version of QuarkXPress 5 to be distributed for free on the cover of a UK computer magazine, Computer Shopper, with the idea of enticing consumers to upgrade to later versions.

Having arrived late with a Mac OS X version, Quark took a different approach to porting to Intel-native applications on Mac (Universal Binary), and released its Universal Binary version 7 months before Adobe ported InDesign.[6]

With QuarkXPress 8 and 9, the product seems to listen more to its user base, as reviews worldwide became more positive and several Mac magazines gave awards to QuarkXPress, even best product of the year (MacWorld Awards 2011: Grand Prix Winner[7]).

Use and features
The package provides the basic functionality of font, alignment, spacing, and color, but it also provides its users with professional typesetting options such as kerning, curving text along a line, and ligatures.

A QuarkXPress document contains text and graphics boxes. The boxes can be reshaped, layered, and given varying levels of transparency and text alignment (runaround).[8] Both box positioning and graphic or text positioning is allowed within a box with an accuracy of one-thousandth of an inch.

Color control allows the full-use of printing-press standard Pantone or Hexachrome inks, along with a variety of other color-space options. Draft output can be printed on conventional desktop printers. Process color (CMYK) separation films can be produced for printing-presses. QuarkXPress also offers the ability for composite work-flows, both with PostScript and PDF output.

QuarkXPress offers layout synchronization, multiple undo/redo functionality, XML and web page (HTML/XHTML) features, and support for direct PDF import and output. Documents can be verified (pre-flight) before printing. This high-level print preview automatically identifies conflicts and other printing problems. Adobe has a similar feature in InDesign.

Composition zones feature makes it the only desktop application with multi-user capabilities by allowing multiple users to edit different zones on the same page. Composition Zones pushes collaboration a step further than just simultaneous text/picture (as possible with Quark CopyDesk since 1991), as it allows layout and graphic elements to be edited outside the layout application.

User-defined rules, output specs, and layout specs can be used for intelligent templates and enable resource sharing (for example, server-based style sheet definitions).

Version 6.5, released at the end of 2004, added enhanced support for the Photoshop format (PSD). The PSD integration and picture manipulation features led to QuarkXPress receiving a number of awards, such as the Macworld Editor’s Choice for 2004.

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Version 7 added support for OpenType, Unicode, JDF, and also PDF/X-export. QuarkXPress 7 also added unique features, such as native transparency at the color level.

QuarkXPress 8 introduced a completely new user interface, support for drag and drop, PDF 1.7 import, AI Import and a global file format. Design grids can be assigned to pages and boxes to allow unlimited baseline grids. Hanging characters can be applied and customized by character and amount to hang outside the box. This is the first version to include built-in Adobe Flash authoring. Designers can create Flash content including sound, video, animation and interactivity without programming. In October 2008, QuarkXPress 8 won the MacUser Award for Print Publishing Software of the Year.[9]

With version 9 QuarkXPress extended its crossmedia publishing approach and can be used now to also export to eBooks (ePub3 and Blio) and native apps (for the iPad). With App Studio, which is shipped with QuarkXPress, designers can even create and design their own apps.[10] Additionally QuarkXPress 9 offers cascading styles (stylesheets based on text content), callouts (anchored objects that flow with the text based on position rules), create complex ad editable Bézier paths using a wizard (ShapeMaker), bullets and numbers (with import & export from/to Microsoft Word) and more.

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The Mac version of QuarkXPress 9 is for Intel processors only, making QuarkXPress 8.5.1 the last choice for PPC-based Macs.

QuarkXPress 10, was described by Quark as a major re-write of the software on the Mac platform in particular to move it from the older Carbon API to Cocoa. It also included a new, modern graphics engine, Xenon. During the lifecycle of version 10, new features included Retina Display support, PDF pass-through transparency, notes, redlining, increased zoom (8000%) and the ability to create HTML5 animations for inclusion in App Studio tablet and smartphone apps.

QuarkXPress 2015 was the first version to use a different naming scheme. It was completely 64-bit and added fixed-layout ePub and Kindle export as well as exporting layouts as PDF/X-4. Quark claimed to have added the top 10 of all user-requested features.[11]

QuarkXPress 2016 included the ability to import and copy and paste from other applications and file formats to native QuarkXPress objects. The release also includes revamped digital capabilities including being able to create HTML5 Publications. Top user requested features include multi-gradient blends and a color picker tool.

The current version, QuarkXPress 2017, continues the new naming scheme and suggests a move to an annual release cycle. The headline features in this release include non-destructive image editing, various typography enhancements such as text stroking and text shading, responsive HTML5 and unlimited iOS apps for no additional cost (outside of the Apple Developer fees). Other user-requested features include adaptive layout conversion for print, smart quotes and proportional leading.

On March 1, 2018, Quark announced QuarkXPress 2018[12], stating it would be available on May 16, 2018, continuing its now familiar annual release cycle. The headline features in version 2018 include new OpenType controls, hyphenation strictness, support for color fonts, IDML import (to convert Adobe InDesign documents to QuarkXPress) and the ability to create unlimited Android apps for no additional cost (outside of the Google Play fees).

Server version
In the beginning of 2003 Quark released a server version of QuarkXPress,[13] originally called QuarkDDS. Renamed in 2006 to “QuarkXPress Server”.[14], the product is now primarily sold with Quark Publishing Platform – the central hub of the company’s content automation solutions. QuarkXPress Server is a Java application that takes content components (text, images, video, data, charts, etc.) and automatically assembles them into different formats from PDFs to responsive HTML and Web apps. As the content is assembled into templates using granular content components, the output can be highly customized for different audiences in terms of the content and the brand. The system relies on XML.

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Extensions and tools
Quark Interactive Designer
Quark Interactive Designer is an extension and tool for creating Adobe Flash context from QuarkXPress documents.[15][16] It enables the export QuarkXPress projects in SWF (Flash) file format.[17][18] This allows documents created for print or web production to also be output as a Flash advertisement. No knowledge of timelines or ActionScript is necessary for this purpose. Since QuarkXPress is natively capable of creating HTML projects, this allows web designers to design and build their HTML and Flash elements and combine them all in a single application. Resulting files can be exported as SWF Flash files or standalone Projector applications for macOS or Windows. Quark Interactive Designer makes use of palette-based actions, similar to those found in Powerpoint, in order to animate text and graphics. It also allows some use of button triggered behaviors and embedding of QuickTime and Flash Video, and audio files.

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• Plug-In (Computing) In computing, a plug-in (or plugin, add-in, addin, add-on, addon, or extension) is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to use a new file type such as a new video format. Well-known browser plug-ins include the Adobe Flash Player, the QuickTime Player, and the Java plug-in, which can launch a user-activated Java applet on a web page to its execution on a local Java virtual machine. A theme or skin is a preset package containing additional or changed graphical appearance details, achieved by the use of a graphical user interface (GUI) that can be applied to specific software and websites to suit the purpose, topic, or tastes of different users to customize the look and feel of a piece of computer software or an operating system front-end GUI (and window managers). Purpose and examples Applications support plug-ins for many reasons. Some of the main reasons include: to enable third-party developers to create abilities which extend an application to support easily adding new features to reduce the size of an application to separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses. Types of applications and why they use plug-ins: Audio editors use plug-ins to generate, process or analyse sound. Ardour and Audacity are examples of such editors. Email clients use plug-ins to decrypt and encrypt email. Pretty Good Privacy is an example of such plug-ins. Video game console emulators often use plug-ins to modularize the separate subsystems of the devices they seek to emulate.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] For example, the PCSX2 emulator makes use of video, audio, optical, etc. plug-ins for those respective components of the PlayStation 2. Graphics software use plug-ins to support file formats and process images. (c.f. Photoshop plugin) Media players use plug-ins to support file formats and apply filters. foobar2000, GStreamer, Quintessential, VST, Winamp, XMMS are examples of such media players. Packet sniffers use plug-ins to decode packet formats. OmniPeek is an example of such packet sniffers. Remote sensing applications use plug-ins to process data from different sensor types; e.g., Opticks. Text editors and Integrated development environments use plug-ins to support programming languages or enhance development process e.g., Visual Studio, RAD Studio, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, jEdit and MonoDevelop support plug-ins. Visual Studio itself can be plugged into other applications via Visual Studio Tools for Office and Visual Studio Tools for Applications. Web browsers use browser extensions to expand their functionality. Examples include Adobe Flash Player, Java SE, QuickTime, Microsoft Silverlight and Unity. Mechanism Example Plug-In Framework The host application provides services which the plug-in can use, including a way for plug-ins to register themselves with the host application and a protocol for the exchange of data with plug-ins. Plug-ins depend on the services provided by the host application and do not usually work by themselves. Conversely, the host application operates independently…
• HTML editor An HTML editor is a computer program for editing HTML, the markup of a webpage. Although the HTML markup a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors handle not only HTML, but also related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version control systems such as Subversion or Git. Many word processing, graphic design and page layout programs that are not dedicated to web design, such as Microsoft Word or Quark XPress, also have the ability to function as HTML editors. Types of editors There are two main varieties of HTML editors: textual and WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editors. Text editors Text editors intended for use with HTML usually provide at least syntax highlighting. Some editors additionally feature templates, toolbars and keyboard shortcuts to quickly insert common HTML elements and structures. Wizards, tooltip prompts and autocompletion may help with common tasks. Text editors commonly used for HTML typically include either built-in functions or integration with external tools for such tasks as version control, link-checking and validation, code cleanup and formatting, spell-checking, uploading by FTP or WebDAV, and structuring as a project. Some functions, such as link checking or validation may use online tools, requiring a network connection. Text editors require user understanding of HTML and any other web technologies the designer wishes to use like CSS, JavaScript and server-side scripting languages. To ease this requirement, some editors allow editing of the markup in more visually organized modes than simple color highlighting, but in modes not considered WYSIWYG. These editors typically include the option of using palette windows or dialog boxes to edit the text-based parameters of selected objects. These palettes allow editing parameters in individual fields, or inserting new tags by filling out an onscreen form, and may include additional widgets to present and select options when editing parameters (such as previewing an image or text styles) or an outline editor to expand and collapse HTML objects and properties. WYSIWYG HTML editors WYSIWYG HTML editors provide an editing interface which resembles how the page will be displayed in a web browser. Because using a WYSIWYG editor may not require any HTML knowledge, they are often easier for an inexperienced computer user to get started with. Amaya 10 HTML editor The WYSIWYG view is achieved by embedding a layout engine. This may be custom-written or based upon one used in a web browser. The goal is that, at all times during editing, the rendered result should represent what will be seen later in a typical web browser. WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) is an alternative paradigm to WYSIWYG editors. Instead of focusing on the format or presentation of the document, it preserves the intended meaning of each element. For example, page headers, sections, paragraphs, etc. are labeled as such in the editing program, and displayed appropriately in the browser. Difficulties in achieving WYSIWYG A given HTML document will have an inconsistent appearance on various platforms and computers for several reasons: Different browsers and applications will render the same markup differently. The same page may display slightly differently in Internet Explorer and Firefox on a high-resolution screen, but it will look very different in the perfectly valid text-only Lynx browser. It needs to be…
• Graphic Design Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving using one or more of typography, photography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term 'graphic design' is used synonymously. Graphic designers create and combine symbols, images and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages. They use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to create visual compositions. Common uses of graphic design include corporate design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging and signage. History Main article: History of graphic design Page from the Book of Kells: Folio 114v, Decorated text. Tunc dicit illis The term graphic design was coined by William Addison Dwiggins in 1922.[2] However, the origins of graphic design can be traced from the origins of human existence, from the caves of Lascaux, to Rome's Trajan's Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the neon lights of Ginza, Tokyo. In 'Babylon, artisans pressed cuneiform inscriptions into clay bricks or tablets which were used for construction. The bricks gave information such as the name of the reigning monarch, the builder, or some other dignitary'.[3] This was the first known road sign announcing the name of the governor of a state or mayor of the city. The Egyptians developed communication by hieroglyphics that used picture symbols dating as far back as 136 B.C. found on the Rosetta Stone. 'The Rosetta stone, found by one of Napoleon's engineers was an advertisement for the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy as the 'true Son of the Sun, the Father of the Moon, and the Keeper of the Happiness of Men' [3] The Egyptians also invented papyrus, paper made from reeds found along the Nile, on which they transcribed advertisements more common among their people at the time. During the 'Dark Ages', from 500 AD to 1450 AD, monks created elaborate, illustrated manuscripts. In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, 'the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document human experience.'[4] Graphic design in the United States began with Benjamin Franklin who used his newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, to master the art of publicity to promote his own books and to influence the masses. 'Benjamin Franklin's ingenuity gained in strength as did his cunning and in 1737 he had replaced his counterpart in Pennsylvania, Andrew Bradford as postmaster and printer after a competition he instituted and won. He showed his prowess by running an ad in his General Magazine and the Historical Chronicle of British Plantations in America (the precursor to the…
• Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983[4] under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[5][6][7] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features. History Main article: History of Microsoft Word Origins In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC.[8] Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.[8][9][10] Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix[8] and MS-DOS in 1983.[11] Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.[5] Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first to be distributed on-disk with a magazine.[5][12] That year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows.[13] Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse.[11] Advertisements depicted the Microsoft Mouse, and described Word as a WYSIWYG, windowed word processor with the ability to undo and display bold, italic, and underlined text,[14] although it could not render fonts.[5] It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar.[15] However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the classic Mac OS (known as Macintosh System Software at the time). This was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public.[16] Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features. It fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite.[17] After its release, Word for Mac OS's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.[8] The second release of Word for Mac OS, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0.[16] After MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released…
• Firefox 2 Mozilla Firefox 2 is a version of Firefox, a web browser released on October 24, 2006 by the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox 2 uses version 1.8 of the Gecko layout engine for displaying web pages. The release contained many new features not found in Firefox 1.5, including improved support for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and JavaScript 1.7, as well as user interface changes. On March 22, 2006, the first alpha version of Firefox 2 (Bon Echo Alpha 1) was released. It featured Gecko 1.8.1 for the first time. Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.x is the final version officially supported on Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98,[1] although it can run on Windows 95 using tweaks. Mac OS X 10.5 support was added October 18, 2007 with version 2.0.0.8. Firefox 2.0 featured updates to tabbed browsing environment, the extensions manager, the GUI, and the find, search and software update engines; a new session restore feature; inline spell checking; and an anti-phishing feature which was implemented by Google as an extension,[2][3] and later merged into the program itself.[4] Mozilla ended support for Firefox 2 on December 18, 2008.[5] Overview of changes Links default to open in new tab. Close button on every tab. Inline spell checking for text boxes. Session restoration after a browser crash. Search suggestion for Google and Yahoo!. New search plugin manager and add-on manager. Web feed previewing. Bookmark microsummaries. Updates to the extension system. Support for Sherlock and OpenSearch. Support for SVG text using svg:textPath. Built-in anti-phishing protection. Search suggestions appear with search history in the search box for Google and Yahoo!. Support for client-side session and persistent storage. Improved feed support. A new NSIS-based installer. JavaScript 1.7. Enhanced security and localization support for extensions. New Winstripe theme refresh: New navigation icons URL bar refresh (New Go button attached to the URL bar) Search bar refresh Tab bar refresh Alltabs button (used to view a popup list of all tabs open) Market adoption & usage of Firefox 2 Main article: Market adoption of Mozilla Firefox See also: Usage share of web browsers This box: view talk edit Firefox.svg Market Share Overview According to StatCounter data February 2018[6] Browser % of Fx % of Total Firefox 2 0.18% 0.01% Firefox 3.x 0.18% 0.01% Firefox 4 — — Firefox 5–9 — — Firefox 10–16 — — Firefox 17–23 — — Firefox 24–30 — — Firefox 31–37 0.36% 0.02% Firefox 38–44 2.91% 0.16% Firefox 45–51 11.09% 0.61% Firefox 52 Firefox ESR 52 7.82% 0.43% Firefox 53 0.73% 0.04% Firefox 54 0.73% 0.04% Firefox 55 0.91% 0.05% Firefox 56 2.55% 0.14% Firefox 57 5.09% 0.28% Firefox 58 62.00% 3.41% Firefox 59 2.00% 0.11% Firefox 60 Firefox ESR 60 — — All variants[7] 100% 5.50% As one article noted after the release of Firefox 2.0 in October 2006, 'IE6 had the lion's share of the browser market with 77.22%. Internet Explorer 7 had climbed to 3.18%, while Firefox 2.0 was at 0.69%.'[8] A Softpedia article, however, noted in July 2007 that 'Firefox 2.0 has been also…
• Macintosh The Macintosh (/ˈmækɪnˌtɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh; branded as Mac since 1998) is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984. The original Macintosh was the company's first mass-market personal computer that featured a graphical user interface, built-in screen and mouse.[1] Apple sold the Macintosh alongside its popular Apple II family of computers for almost ten years before the latter was cancelled in 1993. Early Macintosh models were expensive, hindering its competitiveness in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses.[2] Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the early 1990s, Apple introduced models such as the Macintosh LC II and Color Classic which were price-competitive with Wintel machines at the time. However, the introduction of Windows 3.1 and Intel's Pentium processor (which beat the Motorola 68040 in most benchmarks) gradually took market share from Apple, and by the end of 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after the transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh line in the mid-1990s, the falling prices of commodity PC components, poor inventory management with the Macintosh Performa, and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline. Prompted by the returning Steve Jobs' belief that the Macintosh line had become too complex, Apple consolidated nearly twenty models in mid-1997 (including models made for specific regions) down to four in mid-1999: The Power Macintosh G3, iMac, 14.1' PowerBook G3, and 12' iBook. All four products were critically and commercially successful due to their high performance, competitive prices and aesthetic designs, and helped return Apple to profitability. Around this time, Apple phased out the Macintosh name in favor of 'Mac', a nickname that had been in common use since the development of the first model. Since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup includes four desktops (the all-in-one iMac and iMac Pro, and the desktop Mac Mini and Mac Pro), and three laptops (the MacBook, MacBook Air, and MacBook Pro). Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro. Apple has also developed a series of Macintosh operating systems; initially this operating system had no name, but came to be known as the Macintosh System Software in 1988, Mac OS in 1997, Mac OS X in 2001, OS X in 2012, and macOS in 2016. The current version is macOS High Sierra. Intel-based Macs are capable of running non-Apple operating systems such as Linux, OpenBSD, and Microsoft Windows with the aid of Boot Camp or third-party software. Apple also produced a Unix-based operating system for the Macintosh called A/UX from 1988 to 1995, which closely resembled contemporary versions of the Macintosh system software. Apple does not…
• Ceedo Ceedo is a software virtualization platform developed by Israeli company Ceedo Technologies. The term 'Ceedo' refers both to the company and to the virtual workspace client on which the company's products are based. Based in Rosh HaAyin in Israel, Ceedo Technologies was founded in 2005 by Dror Wettenstein, and its first product, Ceedo Personal, was released shortly after. Ceedo has released additional products based on its virtualization technology, including Ceedo Enterprise and Ceedo Mobile. Ceedo has several patents pending for its virtualization technology. Ceedo Personal This section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ceedo Personal Developer(s) Ceedo Development status current Operating system Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7 Available in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hebrew, Russian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Norwegian Type application virtualization License commercial / closed source Website http://www.ceedo.com/products/ceedo-personal.html Ceedo Personal works like a portable operating system by allowing users to carry applications on portable media such as USB flash drives and pocket hard drives, running them inside a virtual environment. Using a simple interface called the Easy Access Menu, which resembles the Windows Start Menu, users can install standard Windows applications and use them whenever they plug their storage device into a host computer. Since applications running under the Ceedo environment are separate from the host computer, there is no trace left behind once the user disconnects the device. Ceedo Personal has a variety of popular software applications available to download from its Programs Directory. In addition, Ceedo sells an add-on product called Argo Application Installer that allows the user to install standard Windows application to their Ceedo device that are not available in the Programs Directory. Technology Ceedo Personal uses application virtualization to enable applications to run from a portable device while using resources from the host PC (screen, processing power, drives, internet connection, printers, etc.) The Ceedo client launches the applications’ in an independent environment, allowing them to run regardless of the specific settings of the host computer. Portable Storage Devices Ceedo Personal has been licensed by consumer storage vendors including Lexar,[1] Seagate,[2] Verbatim, Maxell, ExcelStor, Venzero and others to add value to their portable storage devices. The product has been pre-bundled on millions of devices and is sold worldwide. Comparison to U3 Ceedo Personal has often been compared to another product, U3, that is similar in both appearance and functionality. However, a key difference between U3 and Ceedo is that Ceedo does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be allowed to be carried on the portable device. Ceedo Enterprise Ceedo Enterprise Developer(s) Ceedo Development status current Operating system Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7 Available in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hebrew, Russian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Norwegian Type application virtualization License commercial / closed source Website http://www.ceedo.com/products/ceedo-enterprise.html…
• iOS SDK The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) (formerly iPhone SDK) is a software development kit developed by Apple Inc. The kit allows for the development of mobile apps on Apple's iOS operating system. While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser. However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider, with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by February 2008. The SDK was released on March 6, 2008. The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes. It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing. New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS. In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program. Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages. History While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for the iOS operating system, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser.[1] However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,[1] with Jobs announcing on October 17, 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit (SDK) available for developers by February 2008.[2][3] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.[4][5] Features The iOS SDK is a free download for Mac users.[6] It is not available for Microsoft Windows personal computers.[6] To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.[6] The SDK contents are separated into the following sets:[7] Cocoa Touch Multi-touch events and controls Accelerometer support View hierarchy Localization (i18n) Camera support Media OpenAL audio mixing and recording Video playback Image file formats Quartz Core Animation OpenGL ES Core Services Networking Embedded SQLite database Core Location Threads CoreMotion Mac OS X Kernel TCP/IP Sockets Power management File system Security The SDK also contains an iPhone simulator, a program used to simulate the look and feel of iPhone on the developer's computer.[7] New SDK versions accompany new iOS versions.[8][9] Programming languages The iOS SDK, combined with Xcode, helps developers write iOS applications using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C.[10] Java In 2008, Sun Microsystems announced plans to release a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for iOS, based on the Java Platform, Micro Edition…
• Browser wars A browser war is competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers. The First Browser War was Microsoft's Internet Explorer against Netscape's Navigator during the late 1990s. Browser wars continued with the decline of Internet Explorer's market share since 2003 and the increasing popularity of other browsers including Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera. With the introduction of HTML5 and CSS 3, a new generation of browser war began, this time adding extensive client-side scripting to the World Wide Web, as well as more widespread use of smartphones and other mobile devices for browsing the web. These newcomers have ensured that browser battles continue among enthusiasts, while the average web user is less affected by their choice of browser.[2] Background Usage share as of Q2 2009 by percent of layout engines/web browsers This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The World Wide Web is an Internet-based hypertext system invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee wrote the first web browser WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus, and released it for the NeXTstep platform in 1991. By the end of 1992 other browsers had appeared, many of them based on the libwww library. These included Unix browsers such as Line Mode Browser, ViolaWWW, Erwise, and MidasWWW, and MacWWW/Samba for the Mac. Even though these browsers tended to be simple HTML viewers, relying on external helper applications to view multimedia content, they provided choice to users both in browsers and platforms. Mosaic Wars Further browsers were released in 1993, including Cello, Arena, Lynx, tkWWW, and Mosaic. The most influential of these was Mosaic, a multiplatform browser developed at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). By October 1994, Mosaic was 'well on its way to becoming the world's standard interface', according to Gary Wolfe of Wired.[3] Several companies licensed Mosaic to create their own commercial browsers, such as AirMosaic and Spyglass Mosaic. One of the Mosaic developers, Marc Andreessen, co-founded the Mosaic Communications Corporation and created a new web browser named Mosaic Netscape. There are two ages of the Internet — before Mosaic, and after. The combination of Tim Berners-Lee's Web protocols, which provided connectivity, and Marc Andreesen's browser, which provided a great interface, proved explosive. In twenty-four months, the Web has gone from being unknown to absolutely ubiquitous.[4] To resolve legal issues with NCSA, the company was renamed Netscape Communications Corporation and the browser Netscape Navigator. The Netscape browser improved on Mosaic's usability and reliability and was able to display pages as they loaded. By 1995, helped by the fact that it was free for non-commercial use, the browser dominated the emerging World Wide Web. Other browsers launched during 1994 included IBM Web Explorer, Navipress, SlipKnot, MacWeb, and Browse.[5] In 1995, Netscape faced new competition from OmniWeb, WebRouser, UdiWWW, and Microsoft's Internet Explorer 1.0, but continued to dominate…
• Grid (graphic design) In graphic design, a grid is a structure (usually two-dimensional) made up of a series of intersecting straight (vertical,horizontal, and angular) or curved guide lines used to structure content. The grid serves as an armature or framework on which a designer can organize graphic elements (images, glyphs, paragraphs, etc.) in a rational, easy-to-absorb manner. A grid can be used to organize graphic elements in relation to a page, in relation to other graphic elements on the page, or relation to other parts of the same graphic element or shape. The less-common printing term 'reference grid,' is an unrelated system with roots in the early days of printing. History Antecedents Before the invention of movable type a system based on optimal proportions had been used to arrange handwritten text on pages. One such system, known as the Villard Diagram, was in use at least since medieval times.[1] Evolution of the modern grid After World War II, a number of graphic designers, including Max Bill, Emil Ruder, and Josef Müller-Brockmann, influenced by the modernist ideas of Jan Tschichold's Die neue Typographie (The New Typography), began to question the relevance of the conventional page layout of the time. They began to devise a flexible system able to help designers achieve coherency in organizing the page. The result was the modern typographic grid that became associated with the International Typographic Style. The seminal work on the subject, Grid systems in graphic design by Müller-Brockmann, helped propagate the use of the grid, first in Europe, and later in North America. Reaction and reassessment By the mid-1970s instruction of the typographic grid as a part of graphic design curricula had become standard in Europe, North America and much of Latin America. The graphic style of the grid was adopted as a look for corporate communication. In the early 1980s, a reaction against the entrenchment of the grid, particularly its dogmatic use, and association with corporate culture, resulted in some designers rejecting its use in favor of more organic structure. The appearance of the Apple Macintosh computer, and the resulting transition away from type being set by typographers to designers setting type themselves resulted in a wave of experimentation, much of it contrary to the precepts of Tschichold and Müller-Brockmann. The typographic grid continues to be taught today, but more as a useful tool for some projects, not as a requirement or starting point for all page design. Grid use in web design While grid systems have seen significant use in print media, interest from web developers has only recently seen a resurgence. Website design frameworks producing HTML and CSS had existed for a while before newer frameworks popularised the use of grid-based layouts. Some grid systems specify fixed-width elements with pixels, and some are 'fluid', meaning that they call for page element sizing to be in relative units like percentages, rather than absolute units like pixels or points.[2] There are also CSS frameworks that include their own grid system: Bootstrap ZURB Foundation Cascade Framework Software Most…
• Adobe Muse Adobe Muse is a website builder that allows designers to create fixed, fluid, and adaptive websites without having to write any code.[4] Muse generates static websites giving users the freedom to host their sites with any hosting provider. Users can add more advanced functionality such as blogging and eCommerce to their website with plugins created by third-party developers. This application is available through Adobe's Creative Cloud subscription. Overview Themes Adobe Muse themes are created inside Adobe Muse and shared as a .muse file. Themes do not require any configuration or setup to get running. Since Adobe Muse generates static HTML files, the files can be exported to the browser for testing without needing to connect to a server or webhost. Because of its static nature, however, themes cannot be applied to existing content and content cannot be imported into a theme. Since themes are created inside Adobe Muse, themes do not require knowledge of any code. Free starter designs are offered on Adobe Muse[5]. Themes can be viewed via a built in 'Preview' option that allows users to preview their website in the application. Users can also temporarily host their website in Business Catalyst for free as part of the Creative Cloud subscription. Widgets Adobe Muse widgets are written in an XML format called MuCow (Muse Configurable Options Widget).[6] Widgets are placed onto a Muse canvas and their content is embedded directly into the HTML of the site. Widgets have made it possible for Muse users to add blogs, eCommerce, animations, etc. to a Muse website. History When Muse was initially created in May 2012, it was made to generate websites for 3 types of devices (Desktop, Tablet, and Mobile). Using viewports and redirects, a Muse website users would access a site that was built specifically for their generic device type. In May 2012, fluid design was just beginning to be used mainstream. After years of requests, Muse was finally made to be fully responsive in its 2015.1 release.
• Ovi (Nokia) Ovi by Nokia (Finnish: ovi 'door'[1]) was the brand for Nokia's Internet services. The Ovi services could be used from a mobile device, computer (through Ovi Suite) or via the web. Nokia focused on five key service areas: Games, Maps, Media, Messaging and Music. Nokia's aim with Ovi was to include third party developers, such as operators and third-party services like Yahoo's Flickr photo site. With the announcement of Ovi Maps Player API, Nokia started to evolve their services into a platform, enabling third parties to make use of Nokia's Ovi services.[2] Ovi was first announced in 2007 and was a move into the world of Internet services and applications. It was initially available for internet-enabled Nokia feature phones and S60 smartphones, and also accessible via the web and on PC. Throughout its lifetime it faced strong competition particularly from Apple's App Store. As of January 2012, there were exactly 10 million downloads every day,[3] also 158 developers reached over 1 million downloads for their Applications.[4] On 16 May 2011, Nokia announced the discontinuation of the Ovi brand and the services rebranded under the Nokia brand. The transition began in July 2011 and was completed by the end of 2012. Most of the constituent services were subsequently either closed or integrated into Microsoft's own services after its acquisition of Nokia devices and services division in 2014. History Ovi was announced on 29 August 2007 at the Go Play event in London.[5] The public beta was released on 28 August 2008. Nokia has acquired key building blocks for Ovi over time. These include intellectual property (IP), patents and core components such as synchronization. Acquired IP, patents include companies such as Starfish Software, Intellisync, NAVTEQ, Gate5, Plazes and others. Other components have been developed internally. On 20 May 2009, at the Where 2.0 event in San Jose, CA, USA, Nokia announced the release of the Ovi Maps Player API, allowing web developers to embed Ovi Maps into a website using JavaScript.[2] Services Ovi Store Main article: Nokia Store The Ovi Store was launched worldwide in May 2009.[6]Here, customers could download mobile games, applications, videos, images, and ringing tones to their Nokia devices. Some of the items were free of charge; others could be purchased using credit card or through operator billing in selected operators. The content in Ovi Store was sorted into the following categories: Featured (previously recommended) Games Personalise Applications Audio & video Ovi Store is intended to offer customers content that is compatible with their mobile devices and relevant to their tastes and locations. Customers can share recommendations with their friends, see what they are downloading, and let them see items of interest.[7] For content publishers, Nokia offers a self-service tool to bring their content to the Ovi Store. Supported content types include: Java ME, Flash applications, widgets, ringtones, wallpapers, themes, and more for Nokia Series 40 and S60 devices and also Symbian^3. Nokia offers a 70% revenue share of gross sales, net of refunds and returns, less applicable taxes…
• Website wireframe A website wireframe, also known as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website.[1]:166 Wireframes are created for the purpose of arranging elements to best accomplish a particular purpose. The purpose is usually being informed by a business objective and a creative idea. The wireframe depicts the page layout or arrangement of the website’s content, including interface elements and navigational systems, and how they work together.[2]:131 The wireframe usually lacks typographic style, color, or graphics, since the main focus lies in functionality, behavior, and priority of content.[1]:167 In other words, it focuses on what a screen does, not what it looks like.[1]:168 Wireframes can be pencil drawings or sketches on a whiteboard, or they can be produced by means of a broad array of free or commercial software applications. Wireframes are generally created by business analysts, user experience designers, developers, visual designers, and by those with expertise in interaction design, information architecture and user research. Wireframes focus on: The range of functions available The relative priorities of the information and functions The rules for displaying certain kinds of information The effect of different scenarios on the display[1]:169 The website wireframe connects the underlying conceptual structure, or information architecture, to the surface, or visual design of the website.[2]:131 Wireframes help establish functionality and the relationships between different screen templates of a website. An iterative process, creating wireframes is an effective way to make rapid prototypes of pages, while measuring the practicality of a design concept. Wireframing typically begins between “high-level structural work—like flowcharts or site maps—and screen designs.”[1]:167 Within the process of building a website, wireframing is where thinking becomes tangible.[3]:186 Aside from websites, wireframes are utilized for the prototyping of mobile sites, computer applications, or other screen-based products that involve human-computer interaction.[4] Uses of wireframes Wireframes may be utilized by different disciplines. Developers use wireframes to get a more tangible grasp of the site’s functionality, while designers use them to push the user interface (UI) process. User experience designers and information architects use wireframes to show navigation paths between pages. Business Analysts use wireframes to visually support the business rules and interaction requirements for a screen. Business stakeholders review wireframes to ensure that requirements and objectives are met through the design.[1]:167 Professionals who create wireframes include business analysts, information architects, interaction designers, user experience designers, graphic designers, programmers, and product managers.[4] Working with wireframes may be a collaborative effort since it bridges the information architecture to the visual design. Due to overlaps in these professional roles, conflicts may occur, making wireframing a controversial part of the design process.[3]:186 Since wireframes signify a “bare bones” aesthetic, it is difficult for designers to assess how closely the wireframe needs to depict actual screen layouts.[1]:168 To avoid conflicts it is recommended that business analysts who understand the user requirements, create a basic wire frame and then work with designers to further improve the wireframes. Another difficulty with wireframes is that they don’t effectively…
• Desktop computer A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus, and other electronic components), disk storage (usually one or more hard disk drives, optical disc drives, and in early models a floppy disk drive); a keyboard and mouse for input; and a computer monitor, speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk. History Origins Apple II computer on display at the private Musée Bolo. Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small; the type of computers most commonly used were minicomputers, which were themselves desk-sized. Early computers took up the space of a whole room. Minicomputers generally fit into one or a few refrigerator-sized racks. The very first 'programmable calculator/computer' was marketed in the second half of the 1960s, starting with the Italian machinery Olivetti Programma 101 (1965) computer at typewriter size.[1] More desktop models were introduced in 1971, leading to a model programmable in BASIC in 1972, from Olivetti itself, followed by Hewlett-Packard.[2] This kind of computers used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on read-only memory (ROM) and had small one-line LED alphanumeric displays. They could draw computer graphics with a plotter. Growth and development Apple II, TRS-80 and Commodore PET were first generation personal home computers launched in 1977, which were aimed at a consumer market – rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists. Byte magazine referred to these three as the '1977 Trinity' of personal computing.[3] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, desktop computers became the predominant type, the most popular being the IBM PC and its clones, followed by the Apple Macintosh,[4] with the third-placed Commodore Amiga having some success in the mid-1980s but declining by the early 1990s. IBM 5150 Personal Computer Early personal computers, like the original IBM Personal Computer, were enclosed in a 'desktop case', horizontally oriented to have the display screen placed on top, thus saving space on the user's actual desk, although these cases had to be sturdy enough to support the weight of CRT displays that were widespread at the time. Over the course of the 1990s, desktop cases gradually became less common than the more-accessible tower cases (Tower was a trademark of NCR created by ad agency Reiser Williams deYong[citation needed]) that may be located on the floor under or beside a desk rather than on a desk. Not only do these tower cases have more room for expansion, they have also freed up desk space for monitors which were becoming larger every year. Desktop cases, particularly the compact form factors, remain popular for corporate computing environments and kiosks. Some computer cases…
• Web browser A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) that may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems. The most popular web browsers are Chrome, Edge (preceded by Internet Explorer),[2][3][4] Safari, Opera and Firefox. History Main article: History of the web browser The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus, and ran on NeXT Computers.[5] Berners-Lee recruited Nicola Pellow, a math student intern working at CERN, to write the Line Mode Browser a cross-platform web browser that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in 1991.[6] Nicola Pellow and Tim Berners-Lee in their office at CERN. The first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau. Marc Andreessen, inventor of Netscape Navigator In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, 'the world's first popular browser',[7] which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s.[7] The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers). Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.[8] WorldWideWeb for NeXT, released in 1991, was the first web browser.[9] Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications.[10] Its Mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation…
• Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Windows families include Windows NT and Windows Embedded; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[3] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer (PC) market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system. However, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android,[4] because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold. This comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. Still, numbers for server use of Windows (that are comparable to competitors) show one third market share, similar to for end user use. As of December 2017, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones and embedded devices is Windows 10. The most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One video game console.[5] Genealogy By marketing role Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families are being actively developed: Windows NT: Started as a family of operating system with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel. It is almost impossible for someone unfamiliar with the subject to identify the members of this family by name because they do not adhere to any specific rule; e.g. Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 are members of this family but Windows 3.1 is not. Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers, tablets and smartphones. The latest version is Windows 10. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category). Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is…
• Nook Color The Nook Color is a tablet computer/e-reader that was marketed by Barnes & Noble. A 7-inch (18 cm) tablet with multitouch touchscreen input,[2] it is the first device in the Nook line to feature a full-color screen. The device is designed for viewing of books, newspapers, magazines, and children's picture books. A limited number of the children's books available for the Nook Color include interactive animations and the option to have a professional voice actor read the story. It was announced on 26 October 2010 and shipped on 16 November 2010.[3] Nook Color became available at the introductory price of US$249. In December 2011, with the release of the Nook Tablet, it lowered to US$169. On 12 August 2012, the price lowered to US$149. On 4 November 2012, the price was further lowered to US$139. The tablet ran on Android Froyo. As of December 2012, Barnes and Noble discontinued the Nook Color in favor of the Nook HD and Nook HD+. Design The device was designed by Yves Behar from fuseproject. Its frame is graphite in color, with an angled lower corner intended to evoke a turned page. The soft back is designed to make holding the device more comfortable.[4] Features The Nook color has a 7-inch (18 cm) 1024x600 resolution multi-touch touchscreen LCD display, presenting a very vivid image, as opposed to the original Nook's 3.5-inch (9 cm) secondary touchscreen. It does not feature an electronic paper display, making it a tablet computer and an e-reader. It has a customizable display with color options, six font sizes, and Internet browsing over Wi-Fi, as well as a built-in media player that supports audio and video. The Nook Color allows installing applications approved by Barnes & Noble, with the company planning to provide tools for third-party software developers[5] and an app store.[6] Applications pre-loaded on the Nook Color include Chess, Sudoku, crossword puzzles, Pandora Radio, and a media gallery for viewing pictures and video.[citation needed] As with the prior Nook, the Nook Color provides a 'LendMe' feature allowing users to share some books with other people depending upon licensing by the book's publisher. The purchaser is permitted to share a book once with one other user for up to two weeks. The other users may view the borrowed book using a Nook, Nook Color, or Barnes & Noble's free reader software on any other device running iOS (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad), BlackBerry OS, Windows, Mac OS X, or Android.[7] Adobe Digital Editions installed on Laptops paired to the Nook Color enables downloads from public libraries (epub). The Share feature on the Nook is only accessible to a small percentage of books purchased from B&N. The Nook works better/easier with purchased publications from B&N than other sources with its easier access. The Nook Color uses a Texas Instruments ARM Cortex-A8 processor running at 800 MHz.[1] The device has 8 GB of internal memory supplied by Sandisk, but only 5 GB is user-accessible and can store an estimated 6,000 books or 100 hours…
• Wine (software) Wine (recursive backronym for Wine Is Not an Emulator) is a free and open-source compatibility layer that aims to allow computer programs (application software and computer games) developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Wine also provides a software library, known as Winelib, against which developers can compile Windows applications to help port them to Unix-like systems.[9] Wine emulates the Windows runtime environment by translating Windows system calls into POSIX-compliant system calls,[10] recreating the directory structure of Windows systems, and providing alternative implementations of Windows system libraries,[11] system services through wineserver[12] and various other components (such as Internet Explorer, the Windows Registry Editor,[13] and msiexec[14]). Wine is predominantly written using black-box testing reverse-engineering, to avoid copyright issues.[15] The name Wine initially was an abbreviation for Windows Emulator.[16] Wine later shifted to the recursive backronym Wine Is Not an Emulator in order to differentiate the software from CPU emulators.[17] No code emulation or virtualization occurs when running a Windows application under Wine.[18] 'Emulation' usually would refer to execution of compiled code intended for one processor (such as x86) by interpreting/recompiling software running on a different processor (such as PowerPC). While the name sometimes appears in the forms WINE and wine, the project developers have agreed to standardize on the form Wine.[19] In a 2007 survey by desktoplinux.com of 38,500 Linux desktop users, 31.5% of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications.[20] This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined, as well as larger than the 27.9% who reported not running Windows applications.[21] History WINE project.png Bob Amstadt, the initial project leader, and Eric Youngdale started the Wine project in 1993 as a way to run Windows applications on Linux. It was inspired by two Sun Microsystems' products, the Wabi for the Solaris operating system, and the Public Windows Initiative,[22] which was an attempt to get the Windows API fully reimplemented in the public domain as an ISO standard but rejected due to pressure from Microsoft in 1996.[23] Wine originally targeted 16-bit applications for Windows 3.x, but as of 2010 focuses on 32-bit and 64-bit versions which have become the standard on newer operating systems. The project originated in discussions on Usenet in comp.os.linux in June 1993.[24] Alexandre Julliard has led the project since 1994. The project has proven time-consuming and difficult for the developers, mostly because of incomplete and incorrect documentation of the Windows API. While Microsoft extensively documents most Win32 functions, some areas such as file formats and protocols have no publicly available specification from Microsoft, it also includes undocumented low-level functions, undocumented behavior and obscure bugs that Wine must duplicate precisely in order to allow some applications to work properly.[25] Consequently, the Wine team has reverse-engineered many function calls and file formats in such areas as thunking.[citation needed] The Wine project originally released Wine under the same MIT License as the X Window System, but owing to concern about proprietary versions of Wine not contributing their changes back to the core project,[26] work…

TRS-80 Model I/III/4

Matthew Reed' TRS-80.org
My other TRS-80 site, devoted to TRS-80 history and information about games.

Ira Goldklang’s TRS-80 Revived Page
The preeminent TRS-80 site, Ira’s pages contain emulators and TRS-80 information galore.

Tim Mann’s TRS-80 Page
Tim’s TRS-80 emulator for UNIX/Linux, XTRS, is available for download from his site, as well as much of the classic MISOSYS and PowerSOFT software and documentation that Roy Soltoff has released for public distribution. Tim also has a complete FAQ and useful technical documentation.

System 80/Video Genie/PMC-80 Microcomputer Archive Site
Terry Stewart created this site dedicated to the System 80, a TRS-80 clone popular in New Zealand and Australia. It features an excellent history of the System 80, as well as manuals, magazines, and books for download. Not only that, but he has now put his entire collection of TRS-80/System 80 software on the site for download! Also look at his page of System 80 game video captures.

trs-80.org.uk
This site looks at the TRS-80 from a UK perspective, with several newsletter indexes and a brand-new TRS-80 newsletter, now going on its ninth year.

The Right Stuff
Ian Mavric’s site where he buys and sells TRS-80 computers and items and offers a repair service. It is also the place to buy the FreHD hard drive emulator.

LNW80 Main Page
An in-depth site describing the TRS-80 clones produced by the LNW Research Corporation.

Big Five Software
Big Five produced many classic games for the TRS-80, such as Galaxy Invasion, Super Nova, and Robot Attack.

Magic Chris' ASYLUM Pages
This site contains a history of the MED Systems adventure games, including Asylum, Asylum 2, Deathmaze 5000, and Labyrinth, as well as walkthroughs and hints.

Knut Roll-Lund’s web pages
Knut Roll-Lund’s web pages, featuring his Play CAS and wav2cas utilities. Also, take a look at his heavily expanded Video Genie computer, including the photographs.

Yves Lempereur 27s Trs 80 Emulator For Mac Os

Radio Shack TRS-80 Microcomputer (25th Anniversary)
An account of the TRS-80 public debut, written by Richard Miller of Miller Microcomputer Services (they sold MMSForth).

Nickolas Marentes' Project Archive
Nickolas Marentes wrote a number of games for the TRS-80 Model I and the Color Computer. On this site he describes the history of the games in detail.

Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution
David and Theresa Welsh wrote this excellent book about the creation and early history of the TRS-80.

Volcano Hunter Facebook Page
Includes history and screen shots of Volcano Hunter, one of the last major TRS-80 games released.

He Changed Our World
A tribute to the legendary TRS-80 Level I manual by David Lien.

Creative Computing Magazine Archive
You can read articles from old issues of David Ahl’s Creative Computing magazine here.

Nemesis.lonestar.org
Frank Durda’s web site includes the LS-DOS 6.3.1 Restoration Project and a lot of fascinating “inside information” from the early days of the TRS-80.

TRS-80 Emulator for Classic Mac OS
Yves Lempereur, the author of many fine TRS-80 games, such as Apple Panic and Time Runner, wrote this Model I emulator for the Classic Macintosh.

Byte Cellar
Blake Patterson’s retrocomputing weblog often touches on TRS-80 topics.

The TRS-80 Model II
A nicely constructed page by Kees Stravers about the the Model I’s less famous “big brother.”

The comp.sys.tandy Newsgroup
Not as active as in years past, but you can still sometimes find discussions of Tandy computers on this newsgroup.

Tandy/Radio Shack – The Vintage Computer Forums
The section of the Vintage Computer Forums devoted to the TRS-80.

TRS-80 Model 100/102/200

Club 100: A Model 100 User Group
Rick Hanson founded Club 100 in 1983 to serve Model 100/102/200 users with news, information, and products. Be sure to check out the NADSBox memory card storage device and the REX option ROM/RAM add-on.

Tri-Mike Network East
Mike Nugent sells Tandy Model 100/102/200 notebook computers in quantity.